Course Outline Semester GGCACJ Affiliated With GCUF

 

🌿 BOT-508 Plant Physiology-I (BS Botany) – Complete Course Outline, Labs & Books

📘 Course Title:

BOT-508: Plant Physiology-I

🎓 Credit Hours:

3 (2 Theory + 1 Practical)

📌 Prerequisites:

• F.Sc. (Biology)
• Botany Basics

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🎯 Course Objectives:

This course is designed to provide comprehensive knowledge of vital plant functions and physiological mechanisms, including:

• Photosynthesis processes
• Plant respiration systems
• Nutrient assimilation
• Environmental interactions

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📚 Course Outline

🌞 1. Photosynthesis

• History of photosynthesis
• Nature and units of light
• Oxygenic vs anoxygenic photosynthesis
• Ultrastructure of thylakoid vesicles
• Photosynthetic pigments & activity
• Structure of Photosystem I & II
• Absorption & action spectra

⚡ Mechanism:

• Light absorption & charge separation
• Water oxidation (water oxidizing clock)
• Electron & proton transport
• Photophosphorylation

🌿 Dark Reactions:

• C3 pathway
• Photorespiration
• Regulation of C3 cycle
• C4 pathway & types
• C3-C4 intermediates
• CAM pathway

🔬 Measurement Methods:

• Techniques to measure photosynthesis

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🔥 2. Respiration

• Hexose sugar synthesis from reserves
• Glycolysis mechanism
• Cytosolic vs chloroplast glycolysis
• Oxidative decarboxylation
• Krebs Cycle (TCA Cycle)
• Regulation of respiration

⚡ Energy Systems:

• Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
• Oxidative phosphorylation
• Aerobic vs anaerobic respiration
• Energetics

🌱 Alternative Pathways:

• Pentose phosphate pathway
• Glyoxylate cycle
• Cyanide-resistant respiration

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🚚 3. Translocation of Food

• Pathways of translocation
• Source-sink relationships
• Materials transported
• Phloem transport mechanism
• Loading & unloading

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🍃 4. Leaves & Atmosphere

• Gaseous exchange
• Stomatal regulation mechanism
• Factors affecting stomata

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🌍 5. Nutrient Assimilation

Nitrogen:

• Nitrogen cycle
• Nitrogen fixation
• Nitrate & ammonium assimilation

Sulphur & Phosphorus:

• Assimilation pathways
• Role in plant metabolism

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🧪 Lab Outline (Practical Work)

1. Measurement of CO₂ during respiration
2. Oxygen consumption (Winkler Method)
3. Chloroplast pigment separation (chromatography)
4. Anthocyanin extraction & analysis
5. Identification of C3 & C4 plants
6. Stomatal regulation using light & pH

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📖 Recommended Books

• Dennis et al. – Plant Metabolism
• Dey & Harborne – Plant Biochemistry
• Taiz & Zeiger – Plant Physiology
• Salisbury & Ross – Plant Physiology
• Hopkins – Introduction to Plant Physiology
• Nobel – Environmental Plant Physiology
• Epstein & Bloom – Mineral Nutrition of Plants
• Kirkham – Soil & Plant Water Relations

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📑 Journals & Resources

• Pakistan Journal of Botany
• Plant Physiology
• Physiologia Plantarum
• Planta
• Annual Review of Plant Biology
• Journal of Plant Physiology