🌬️ RESPIRATORY DISORDERS – Notes (FSc Style)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URIs)
- Affect nose, throat, sinuses, and larynx.
- Spread easily through respiratory droplets.
- Range from mild (common cold) to severe (sinusitis, otitis media).
⭐ 1. Sinusitis
Definition:
Inflammation of the mucosal lining of the sinuses (air-filled cavities around the nose).
Location of Sinuses:
- Under the eyes
- Above the eyes
- Between the eyes
- Behind the eyes
Types:
- Acute sinusitis: lasts 7–10 days
- Chronic sinusitis: lasts > 12 weeks
🔬 Causes:
- Mostly viral infections
- Sometimes bacterial
- Rarely fungal
⚠️ Symptoms:
- Fever
- Plugged / blocked nose
- Pus-like nasal discharge
- Loss of sense of smell
- Facial pain
- Post-nasal drip (phlegm dripping from back of nose into throat)
- Headache worsens when bending forward
💊 Treatment:
For viral sinusitis:
- Generally resolves without antibiotics
If bacterial:
- Antibiotics or sulpha drugs
Additional treatments:
-
Nebulization to reduce inflammation and open airways
For chronic/recurrent sinusitis:
- Nasal surgery to remove mucus and infectious material
Multiple-Choice Questions on Respiratory Disorders
Below is a set of 20 MCQs based on the provided content about respiratory disorders, focusing on upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) like sinusitis, and touching on related conditions mentioned (e.g., common cold, otitis media, pneumonia, etc.). Each question includes four options (A-D), the correct answer, and a detailed explanation. These are designed to test key concepts from the text.
1. Which of the following is NOT considered an upper respiratory tract infection (URI)?
- A. Common cold
- B. Sinusitis
- C. Pneumonia
- D. Otitis media
Correct Answer: C Explanation: URIs affect the nose, throat, sinuses, and larynx. Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection involving the lungs, not the upper tract. The text lists URIs as including the common cold, sinusitis, and otitis media (which can be linked to URIs).
2. How are upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) primarily transmitted from person to person?
- A. Through contaminated food and water
- B. Via respiratory droplets
- C. By direct skin contact
- D. Through insect bites
Correct Answer: B Explanation: The text explicitly states that URIs "can be easily transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets," highlighting their contagious nature via coughing, sneezing, or talking.
3. What are the sinuses described as in the context of sinusitis?
- A. Fluid-filled sacs in the lungs
- B. Four paired air-filled spaces surrounding the nasal cavity
- C. Cartilaginous structures in the throat
- D. Bone cavities in the ear
Correct Answer: B Explanation: The text defines sinuses as "four paired air-filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity i.e., under the eyes; above the eyes; between the eyes and behind the eyes," which become inflamed in sinusitis.
4. How long does acute sinusitis typically last?
- A. Less than 7 days
- B. 7 to 10 days
- C. 4 to 6 weeks
- D. More than 12 weeks
Correct Answer: B Explanation: According to the text, acute sinusitis "lasts for 7 to 10 days," distinguishing it from chronic sinusitis, which lasts longer than 12 weeks.
5. Which type of pathogen is responsible for MOST cases of sinusitis?
- A. Bacterial
- B. Fungal
- C. Viral
- D. Parasitic
Correct Answer: C Explanation: The text notes that "most cases of sinusitis are due to viral infections," with bacterial infections causing some cases and fungal infections being rare.
6. A patient reports facial pain and a headache worsened by bending over. This is most likely a symptom of:
- A. Emphysema
- B. Pulmonary tuberculosis
- C. Sinusitis
- D. COPD
Correct Answer: C Explanation: Symptoms of sinusitis listed in the text include "facial pain, a feeling that phlegm is falling from the back of nose into throat, and headache that is sometimes aggravated by bending over."
7. Which symptom of sinusitis involves a sensation of mucus draining into the throat?
- A. Loss of sense of smell
- B. Plugged nose
- C. Pus-like nasal discharge
- D. Postnasal drip
Correct Answer: D Explanation: The text describes "a feeling that phlegm is falling from the back of nose into throat," which is commonly known as postnasal drip, a hallmark symptom of sinusitis.
8. For viral sinusitis, what is the primary treatment approach?
- A. Immediate antibiotics
- B. Resolution without antibiotics
- C. Surgical intervention
- D. Antifungal medications
Correct Answer: B Explanation: The text states, "Most cases are caused by viruses and resolve without antibiotics," emphasizing supportive care over unnecessary medication.
9. When is nasal surgery typically recommended for sinusitis?
- A. For all acute cases
- B. For viral infections only
- C. For chronic or recurring sinusitis
- D. As first-line treatment for bacterial cases
Correct Answer: C Explanation: The text specifies that "for chronic or recurring sinusitis, treatment may include nasal surgery in which the pathogens and mucous are removed."
10. What additional treatment, besides antibiotics for bacterial sinusitis, can reduce inflammation in the sinuses?
- A. Oral steroids
- B. Nebulization
- C. Inhaled antifungals
- D. Ear drops
Correct Answer: B Explanation: The text mentions that "the physician may also prescribe nebulization which can be useful in reducing inflammation in the sinuses and nose and to accelerate recovery."
11. Which respiratory disorder is self-limiting and mild, often affecting the nose and throat?
- A. COPD
- B. Emphysema
- C. Common cold
- D. Pulmonary tuberculosis
Correct Answer: C Explanation: The introductory text describes the common cold as a "mild and self-limiting" condition, contrasting it with more severe diseases like emphysema and COPD.
12. Sinusitis inflammation primarily affects the lining of the:
- A. Larynx
- B. Bronchi
- C. Sinuses
- D. Alveoli
Correct Answer: C Explanation: By definition in the text, sinusitis is "the inflammation of the lining of the sinuses," which are air-filled spaces around the nasal cavity.
13. A patient with sinusitis complains of fever and plugged nose. What is the most common cause?
- A. Fungal infection
- B. Bacterial infection
- C. Viral infection
- D. Allergic reaction
Correct Answer: C Explanation: The text reiterates that "most cases of sinusitis are due to viral infections," with symptoms like fever and plugged nose aligning with this etiology.
14. Which drug class is typically prescribed for bacterial sinusitis?
- A. Antivirals
- B. Antifungals
- C. Antibiotics or sulpha drugs
- D. Bronchodilators
Correct Answer: C Explanation: The text states, "If it is due to a bacterial infection, antibiotics or sulpha drugs are usually prescribed."
15. Chronic sinusitis is defined as lasting longer than:
- A. 7-10 days
- B. 4 weeks
- C. 12 weeks
- D. 6 months
Correct Answer: C Explanation: The text clearly defines chronic sinusitis as lasting "longer than 12 weeks," versus acute cases of 7-10 days.
16. Loss of sense of smell is a symptom associated with:
- A. Otitis media
- B. Pneumonia
- C. Sinusitis
- D. Emphysema
Correct Answer: C Explanation: The text lists "loss of sense of smell" as one of the symptoms of sinusitis, due to inflammation blocking the nasal passages.
17. In severe or chronic sinusitis, what procedure removes pathogens and mucus?
- A. Lobectomy
- B. Nasal surgery
- C. Thoracentesis
- D. Bronchoscopy
Correct Answer: B Explanation: The text describes "nasal surgery in which the pathogens and mucous are removed" for chronic or recurring cases.
18. Which of the following is a severe respiratory disorder mentioned that interferes with gas exchange in the lungs?
- A. Common cold
- B. Sinusitis
- C. Emphysema
- D. Laryngitis
Correct Answer: C Explanation: The introductory text groups emphysema and COPD as "more severe diseases," which affect the lungs and respiration, unlike milder URIs like the common cold or sinusitis.
19. Pus-like nasal discharge is indicative of possible:
- A. Viral sinusitis only
- B. Fungal sinusitis
- C. Bacterial involvement in sinusitis
- D. Allergic rhinitis
Correct Answer: C Explanation: The text includes "pus-like nasal discharge" as a symptom of sinusitis, often pointing to bacterial infection rather than purely viral causes.
20. What distinguishes URIs from lower respiratory disorders like pneumonia?
- A. URIs are always chronic
- B. URIs affect structures above the larynx
- C. Lower disorders are self-limiting
- D. URIs require surgery
Correct Answer: B Explanation: URIs "affect the nose, throat, sinuses, and larynx," while lower tract issues like pneumonia involve the lungs, as implied in the text's range of disorders.
🔹 SHORT QUESTIONS (with answers)
1. What is sinusitis?
Ans: Inflammation of the mucosal lining of the sinuses located around the nasal cavity.
2. Name the four paired sinuses.
Ans: Sinuses under the eyes, above the eyes, between the eyes, and behind the eyes.
3. What is the duration of acute sinusitis?
Ans: Acute sinusitis lasts for 7–10 days.
4. What is the duration of chronic sinusitis?
Ans: Chronic sinusitis lasts for more than 12 weeks.
5. What is the most common cause of sinusitis?
Ans: Viral infection is the most common cause.
6. Name two other possible causes of sinusitis.
Ans: Bacterial infection and fungal infection (rare).
7. Write any two symptoms of sinusitis.
Ans: Plugged nose, facial pain.
(Other options: fever, pus-like nasal discharge, headache, post-nasal drip, loss of smell.)
8. Why does headache worsen when bending forward in sinusitis?
Ans: Because pressure in the inflamed sinuses increases when the head is lowered.
9. What is post-nasal drip?
Ans: Feeling that mucus/phlegm is falling from the back of the nose into the throat.
10. Why is antibiotic treatment NOT always required in sinusitis?
Ans: Most cases are viral and resolve without antibiotics.
11. What is the role of nebulization in sinusitis?
Ans: It reduces inflammation and opens nasal passages for easier breathing.
12. What treatment is used for chronic sinusitis?
Ans: Nasal surgery to remove mucus and infectious material
🧾 5 Long Questions (Only Questions)
1.Describe sinusitis in detail. Discuss its definition, location of sinuses, and types of sinusitis with examples.
2.Explain the causes of sinusitis. How do viral, bacterial, and fungal infections contribute to the development of this disorder?
3.Write a detailed note on the symptoms of sinusitis. How do these symptoms interfere with normal respiratory functions?
4.Discuss the treatment of acute and chronic sinusitis separately. Also explain the role of nebulization and nasal surgery.
5.What is chronic sinusitis? Describe its duration, underlying factors, complications, and possible medical or surgical treatments.
🦠 Sinusitis Quiz 📝
One question at a time! Select an option (it'll dance 😎), then Next. Answers with explanations at the end!
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