Kidney Mastery: Unraveling the Nephron Puzzle - A Quiz Journey into Renal Knowledge

Q81. Which of the following is not the structure of the kidney:

a. Cortex

b. Medulla

c. Pelvis

d. Urethra

Answer: (d) Urethra

Explanation: The urethra is not a structural component of the kidney; it is a part of the urinary system responsible for carrying urine from the bladder to the outside.

Q82. In the mammalian kidney, the pyramids are seen in:

a. Cortex

b. Medulla

c. Pelvis

d. Hilus

Answer: (b) Medulla

Explanation: The pyramids are structures in the medulla of the mammalian kidney.

Q83. The number of nephrons in one kidney of man is:

a. 4 million

b. 2 million

c. 8 million

d. 1 million

Answer: (a) 4 million

Explanation: Each human kidney contains approximately 4 million nephrons.

Q84. ADH increases the absorption of water from the collecting duct:

a. Absorption of sodium

b. Diffusion of chlorine

c. Absorption of water

d. Diffusion of ammonia

Answer: (c) Absorption of water

Explanation: ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) increases the reabsorption of water from the collecting duct in the kidney.

Q85. Two counter-current systems are formed in the kidney by the:

a. Henle’s loop and PCT

b. Henle’s loop and DCT

c. Henle’s loop and collecting duct

d. Henle’s loop and vasa rectae

Answer: (d) Henle’s loop and vasa rectae

Explanation: The counter-current systems involve the Henle’s loop and the vasa rectae in the kidney.

Q86. Cholesterol is excreted in:

a. Sebum

b. Bile

c. Sweat

d. Both A and B

Answer: (d) Both A and B

Explanation: Cholesterol is excreted in sebum (skin oil) and bile.

Q87. Malpighian body is composed of:

a. Bowman’s capsule only

b. Glomerulus only

c. Bowman’s capsule and Glomerulus

d. Henle’s loop and vasa rectae

Answer: (c) Bowman’s capsule and Glomerulus

Explanation: The Malpighian body consists of Bowman’s capsule and Glomerulus.

Q88. Daily urine output of man is:

a. 1-2 liters

b. 1-3 liters

c. 1-4 liters

d. 1-5 liters

Answer: (c) 1-4 liters

Explanation: On average, the daily urine output of a man is approximately 1-4 liters.

Q89. Tubular structure that carries urine from the bladder to the outside:

a. Ureter

b. Hilus

c. Pelvis

d. Urethra

Answer: (d) Urethra

Explanation: The urethra carries urine from the bladder to the outside.

Q90. Ultrafiltration occurs in: a. Bowman’s capsule b. Proximal convoluted tubules c. Henle’s loop d. Distal convoluted tubule Answer: (a) Bowman’s capsule Explanation: Ultrafiltration takes place in Bowman’s capsule where blood is filtered to form the glomerular filtrate.

Q91. The greater the demand for conserving water, the greater would be the number of: a. Juxta-medullary nephrons b. Cortical nephron c. Capillaries of Glomerulus d. Both A and B Answer: (a) Juxta-medullary nephrons Explanation: Juxta-medullary nephrons are involved in the conservation of water.

Q92. Each kidney is enclosed by a thin membranous covering called: a. Peritoneum b. Peritreme c. Perizonium d. All of these Answer: (a) Peritoneum Explanation: Each kidney is enclosed by a thin membranous covering called the peritoneum.

Q93. pH of human urine is: a. 7.4 b. 3.5 c. 5.00 d. 8.00 Answer: (c) 5.00 Explanation: The pH of human urine is typically around 5.00.

Q94. The Hormone that increases the reabsorption of calcium ions in the nephron is: a. Aldosterone b. Parathormone c. Anti-diuretic d. Vasopressin Answer: (b) Parathormone Explanation: Parathormone increases the reabsorption of calcium ions in the nephron.

Q95. The process by which some poisonous substances are secreted from peritubular capillaries into nephric filtrate is termed as: a. Tubular reabsorption b. Tubular secretion c. Counter-current exchange d. None of these Answer: (b) Tubular secretion Explanation: Tubular secretion is the process by which certain substances are actively transported from peritubular capillaries into the nephric filtrate.

Q96. It is a cyclic process of enzymatic reactions that operate in the liver cells, resulting in the formation of urea from ammonia, carbon dioxide, and NH2 group: a. Ornithine cycle b. Citruline cycle c. Arginine cycle d. All of these Answer: (b) Citruline cycle Explanation: The urea cycle involves a series of enzymatic reactions in the liver cells, leading to the formation of urea.

Q97. Select the correct nitrogenous waste in this diagram: Answer: (c) “A” ammonia “B” urea “C” Uric acid Explanation: The correct identification in the diagram is ammonia (A), urea (B), and uric acid (C).

Q98. Blood enters the kidney through a branch of the aorta called: a. Afferent arteriole b. Renal artery c. Efferent arteriole d. Renal vein Answer: (b) Renal artery Explanation: Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery, a branch of the aorta.

Q99. A capillary tuft from which fluid leaves the circulatory system: a. Bowman’s capsule b. Proximal convoluted tubules c. Glomerulus d. Loop of Henle Answer: (c) Glomerulus Explanation: The glomerulus is a capillary tuft where fluid leaves the circulatory system to form the glomerular filtrate.

Q100. In ectotherms and endotherms, heat can be lost through: a. Evaporation b. Radiation c. Convection d. All of these Answer: (d) All of these Explanation: Both ectotherms and endotherms can lose heat through evaporation, radiation, and convection.

Q101. Percentage of kidney stones composed of calcium oxalate phosphate: a. 5% b. 20% c. 70% d. 90% Answer: (c) 70% Explanation: The majority of kidney stones are composed of calcium oxalate phosphate.

Q102. About % of kidney stones composed of Uric acid: a. 5% b. 20% c. 70% d. 90% Answer: (a) 5% Explanation: Approximately 5% of kidney stones are composed of Uric acid.

Q103. Dialysis cleans the blood by: a. An artificial kidney b. Filtering it within the abdomen c. Removing Glucose from blood d. Both A and B Answer: (d) Both A and B Explanation: Dialysis involves using an artificial kidney or filtering blood within the abdomen.

Q104. Haemodialysis means: a. Removing the blood b. Cleaning the blood c. Diluting the blood d. All options are correct Answer: (b) Cleaning the blood Explanation: Haemodialysis involves cleaning the blood.

Q105. These are animals that produce Metabolic heat at low rates and rely primarily on conditions of their surroundings: a. Endotherms b. Heterotherms c. Ectotherms d. Both B and C Answer: (c) Ectotherms Explanation: Ectotherms rely on external conditions for maintaining body temperature.

Q106. These are animals capable of varying degrees of endothermic heat production, but they generally do not regulate body temperature within as narrow a range. Endotherms: a. Ectotherms b. Poikilotherms c. Heterotherms d. None of these Answer: (c) Heterotherms Explanation: Heterotherms can produce endothermic heat but do not strictly regulate body temperature.

Q107. It is a technique for breaking stones inside the kidney, Ureter, and urinary bladder: a. Lithotropy b. Lithography c. Lithotripsy d. All options are correct Answer: (c) Lithotripsy Explanation: Lithotripsy is a technique for breaking stones inside the kidney, ureter, and urinary bladder

Q108. Mammals maintain their body temperature within a range of: a. 25°C to 35°C b. 30°C to 40°C c. 36°C to 43°C d. 36°C to 38°C Answer: (d) 36°C to 38°C Explanation: Mammals typically maintain their body temperature within the range of 36°C to 38°C.

Q109. Birds maintain their body temperature within a range of: a. 25°C to 35°C b. 30°C to 40°C c. 41°C to 43°C d. 36°C to 38°C Answer: (c) 41°C to 43°C Explanation: Birds generally maintain a higher body temperature, typically within the range of 41°C to 43°C.

Q110. Regulation of body temperature in homeotherms during high environmental temperature involves: a. Vaso-dilation b. Lowering the hairs c. Reduction in subcutaneous fat d. All of these Answer: (d) All of these Explanation: Homeotherms regulate body temperature through mechanisms such as vasodilation, lowering hairs, and reducing subcutaneous fat.

Q111. Regulation of body temperature in homeotherms during cold environmental temperature involves: a. Vaso-constriction b. Erection of hairs c. Increase in subcutaneous fat d. All of these Answer: (d) All of these Explanation: Homeotherms regulate body temperature in cold conditions through vasoconstriction, erection of hairs, and increasing subcutaneous fat.

Q112. Displace the set point of hypothalamus above the normal point of 37°C: a. Pyrenins b. Pyridoxins c. Pyrogens d. All of these Answer: (c) Pyrogens Explanation: Pyrogens can displace the set point of the hypothalamus, leading to an increase in body temperature.

Q113. An animal when taken into a hot area loses heat by sweating and when to a cold area increases muscular activity to produce more heat. The animal is: a. Homeothermic b. Poikilothermic c. Ectothermic d. None of these Answer: (b) Poikilothermic Explanation: Poikilothermic animals, also known as ectothermic, adjust their body temperature based on the external environment.

Q114. Which cycle is shown in the diagram? a. Ornithine cycle b. Urea cycle c. Urine cycle d. Both A and B Answer: (d) Both A and B Explanation: The diagram likely represents both the Ornithine cycle and the Urea cycle, which are involved in the metabolism of nitrogenous wastes.